Journal Articles, Conference Proceedings, Presentations and Posters

Since 2001, The Biometric Standards Performance and Assurance Laboratory has been published and featured in numerous journals and conferences around the world. Listed below is a comprehensive list of all publications sorted by year. To access articles and information sorted by a specific research area or researcher, as well as standards contributions and news articles, use the menu bar on the top. Some of our presentations are being recorded, in order to provide a more interactive experience with research teams, and those that are interested in our work.

PLEASE NOTE: We try to post all publications produced by the lab online. However; some sources require purchasing and therefore we can not offer them for free. If a particular publication is not available on this page, please feel free to use our search page, or the people page for more information.

2007

Journal Articles
 

(Accepted) Wagler, S.E., Rusk, C.P, Blomeke, C.R., Richert, B.T., Talbert, B.A, and Latour, M.A. (2007)  Classroom Evaluation of an Elementary Swine Curriculum: There’s A Pig In My Classroom.  Journal of Ag Education.
  (Accepted) Bhargav-Spantzel, A., Squicciarini, A. C., Modi, S. K., Young, M. R., Bertino, E., & Elliott, S. J. (2007). Privacy Preserving Multi-Factor Authentication with Biometrics. Journal of Computer Security, 28.
Elliott, S.J. and Kukula, E.P. (2007). The Challenges Associated with Laboratory-Based Distance Education. EDUCAUSE Quarterly. Vol 30, Number 1, 2007. p. 37-42

Conference Proceedings
 

  Modi, S. K., Elliott, S. J., & Kim, H. (2007, December 16-20). Performance Analysis for Multi Sensor Fingerprint Recognition System. Paper presented at the ICISS 2007, New Delhi, India.
  Elliott, S. J., Modi, S. K., Maccarone, L., Young, M. R., Jin, C., & Kim, H. (2007). Image Quality and Minutiae Count Comparison for Genuine and Artificial Fingerprints. Proceedings of the 41st Annual IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST) (pp. 30-36). Ottawa, Canada: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.(IEEE).

Blomeke, C. R., Elliott, S. J., & Walter, T. M. (2007). Bacterial Survivability and Transferability on Biometric Devices. Proceedings of the 41st Annual IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (pp. 80 - 84). Ottawa, Canada: The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
  Kukula, E., Elliott, S., and Duffy, V. (2007, July 22-27). The Effects of Human Interaction on Biometric System Performance. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction and 1st International Conference on Digital-Human Modeling. Beijing, China, V.G. Duffy (Ed.): Digital Human Modeling, HCII 2007, LNCS 4561, pp. 903–913.
  Bhargav-Spantzel, A., Squicciarini, A. C., Young, M. R., & Bertino, E. (2007, July 22-27). Privacy Requirements in Identity Management Solutions. 12th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction, Beijing, China.
  Kukula, E., Elliott, S., Gresock, B., and Dunning, N. (2007, June 7-8). Defining Habituation using Hand Geometry. Proceedings of the 5th IEEE Workshop on Automatic Identification Advanced Technologies in Alghero, Italy, pp. 242-246
  Elliott, S. J., Massie, S. A., & Sutton, M. J. (2007, June 7-8). The Perception of Biometric Technology: A Survey. Paper to be presented at the AutoID 2007, IEEE Workshop on Automatic Identification Advanced Technologies, Alghero, Italy.
  Modi, S., Elliott, S. J., Kim, H., & Whetstone, J. (2007, June 7-8). Impact of Age Groups on Fingerprint Recognition Performance. Paper to be presented at the AutoID 2007, IEEE Workshop on Automatic Identification Advanced Technologies, Alghero, Italy.
  Young, M. R., & Elliott, S. J. (2007, June 7-8). Image Quality and Performance Based on Henry Classification and Finger Location. Paper to be presented at the AutoID 2007, IEEE Workshop on Automatic Identification Advanced Technologies, Alghero, Italy.
  Kukula, E., Elliott, S., Kim, H., and San Martin, C. (2007, May 17-20). The Impact of Fingerprint Force on Image Quality and the Detection of Minutiae. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Conference on Electro Information Technology (EIT). (pp. 482-487).Chicago, IL.

Presentations
Moon, J., Kim, H., Young, M. R., & Elliott, S. J. (2007, February 1). Analysis on Finger Preference of Users for Fingerprint Recognition Systems. The Fifth Annual BERC Biometrics Conference, Biometric Engineering Research Center, Yonsei University, Incheon, Korea.
Elliott*, S. J., & Rolfe, A.(Feb 2007). Case Study: Phone-based Voice Biometrics for Remote Authentication. RSA Conference 2007. San Francisco, CA.

Posters

Kukula, E. and Elliott. S. (2007, March 20-21). The Effects of Human Interaction on Biometric System Performance. Presented at the 2007 Annual Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security (CERIAS) Information Security Symposium, West Lafayette, IN.
Bertino, E., Elliott, S. J., Bhargav-Spantzel, A., Young, M. R., Modi, S. K., & Squicciarini, A. C. (2007, March 20-21). Bio-Key : Privacy Preserving Biometric Authentication. The Eight Annual CERIAS Information Security Symposium, West Lafayette, IN.
Kukula, E., Menon, A., Dark, M., and Elliott S. (2007, March 9-11). Face Recognition & Misidentification: Using the fellow's research to examine the scientific method & measurements of central tendency. Poster presented at the 7th Annual NSF Graduate Teaching Fellows in K-12 Education (GK-12) Project Meeting. Washington D.C.
Kukula, E. and Elliott. S. (2007, March 9). The Effects of Human Interaction on Biometric System Performance. Presented at the National Science Foundation’s Poster Session of Graduate Teaching Fellows in K-12 Education Program. Arlington, VA.
  Coy, J. P., Young, M. R., & Elliott, S. J. (2007, February 28). Comparing Fingerprint Sensor Technologies, Swipe vs. Slap Purdue University Sigma Xi Graduate Research Poster Symposium, West Lafayette, IN.

2006

Journal Articles
Rusk, C. P., Blomeke C. R., Balschweid, M. A., Elliott, S. J., & Baker, D., (2006). An Evaluation of Retinal Imaging Technology for 4-H Beef and Sheep Identification. Journal of Extension
Kukula, E.P, & Elliott, S.J. (2006). Implementation of hand geometry: an analysis of user perspectives and system performance. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. Vol 21, Number 3, March 2006. p. 3-9

Trade Magazine Articles
  Young, M. R., Modi, S. K., & Elliott, S. J. (2006, April 15). Biometrics and E-Authentication. Asia BioTech, 10, 352-354.

Conference Proceedings
  Kukula*, E. K., & Elliott, S. J. (2006).Implementing Ergonomic Principles in a Biometric System: A look at the Human Biometric Sensor Interaction (HBSI). Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST) (pp. 86-91). Lexington, U.S.A
  Modi*, S. K., & Elliott, S. J. (2006). Keystroke Dynamics Verification Using a Spontaneously Generated Password. Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST) (pp. 116-121). Lexington, U.S.A
Blomeke*, C. R., Howell, B. M., & Elliott, S. J. (2006). Perceptions of Retinal Imaging Technology for Identifying Livestock Exhibits. Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST) (pp.144-150). Lexington, U.S.A
  Elliott*, S. J., & Hunt, A. R. (2006). An Assessment of Dynamic Signature Forgery and Perception of Signature Strength. Proceedings of the 40th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST) (pp. 186-190). Lexington, U.S.A
Modi, S. K., and Elliott, S. J., Impact of Image Quality on Performance: Comparison of Young and Elderly Fingerprints,
Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Recent Advances in Soft Computing (RASC 2006), K. Sirlantzis (Ed.), pp. 449-454, 2006
Elliott, S. J., and Hunt, A. R.(undergraduate student), The Challenge of Forgeries and Perception of Dynamic Signature Verification, Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Recent Advances in Soft Computing (RASC 2006), K. Sirlantzis (Ed.), pp. 455-459, 2006
Elliott, S. J., Kukula, E. P., & Sickler, N. C., (2006) An Assessment of Performance Between On- and Off Campus Students in an Automatic Identification and Data Capture Course, (pp. 93-96) World Conference on Engineering Technology Education, Santos, Brazil.
Young, M. R., Elliott, S. J., & Morton, J. M., (2006) Applied Automatic Identification and Data Capture Solutions through Educational Research , (pp. 97-99) World Conference on Engineering Technology Education, Santos, Brazil
Modi, S. K., & Elliott, S. J., (2006) Graduate Course Development focusing on Security Issues for Professionals Working in the Manufacturing Industry , (pp. 85-88) World Conference on Engineering Technology Education, Santos, Brazil
Elliott, S. J., & Kukula, E. P., (2006) The Evolution and Enhancement of a Graduate Course in Biometrics , (pp. 89-92) World Conference on Engineering Technology Education, Santos, Brazil
  Elliott, S. J., (February, 2006). Biometric Testing at Purdue University, The Fourth Annual BERC Biometrics Conference, (pp.230-251) Biometric Engineering Research Center, Yonsei Univerisy, Incheon, Korea.

Presentations
Young, M. Equating Biometric Entropy. in Biometric Consortium Conference. 2006. Baltimore, MD.
Elliott, S. J., Modi, S. K., Williams, J. E., Graham, P. Fingerprint Image Quality Across Different Populations, NIST Biometric Image Quality Workshop, Gaithersburg, MD (running new image quality algorithm)
Elliott, S. J., (March, 2006). Activities of the SC37 / WG 5 Biometric Equipment Performance Rapporteur Group, NIST Biometric Image Quality Workshop, Gaithersburg, MD
Elliott, S. J., (March, 2006). An Assessment of Performance between On and Off-campus Students in an Automatic Identification and Data Capture Course, Teaching and Learning with Technology Conference, West Lafayette, IN (to be posted March, 2006).
  Elliott, S. J., (February, 2006). Human Biometric Sensor Interaction and its affect on performance on modality performance, Biometric Engineering Research Center, Yonsei Univerisy, Incheon, Korea.
  Elliott, S. J., (February, 2006). Automatic Identification and Data Capture Technologies for General Contractors, Associated General Contractors conference, Indianapolis, IN.
  Elliott, S. J., (January, 2006). Biometrics Data Quality and Interoperability Conformance, (moderator of panel), Biometrics Authentication Symposium, 4th International Symposium on Computing and Media Studies, Kyoto, Japan.

Posters
Elliott, S. J., & Niang, M., (2006). Biometric Credentialing for Natural Disasters, Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security "Security in Motion" Symposium, West Lafayette, IN.
Bertino, E., Elliott, S. J., Bhargav-Spantzel, A., Squicciarini, A. C., and Modi, S. K., (2006). Privacy Preserving Biometric Authentication , Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security "Security in Motion" Symposium, West Lafayette, IN. (to be posted online March 2006)
Modi, S.K., & Watson, K. (2006). BioAPI Java Project , Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security "Security in Motion" Symposium, West Lafayette, IN. (to be posted online March 2006)
Hunt, A. R., & Elliott, S. J., (2006). Perceived Strength of Signatures for the Prevention of Identity Theft, Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security "Security in Motion" Symposium, West Lafayette, IN. (to be posted online March 2006)
Kukula, E. P., & Elliott, S. J., (2006) Critical Anthropometric & Ergonomic Elements for Reliable Hand Placement in Hand Geometry Based Authentication System, Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security "Security in Motion" Symposium, West Lafayette, IN.
Young, M. R., & Elliott, S. J., & Modi, S. K. (2006) BSPA Labratory Participation in the Ad Hoc Group on Biometrics and E-Authentication (AHGBEA), Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security "Security in Motion" Symposium, West Lafayette, IN.
Young, M. R., & Elliott, S. J. (2006) Comparing Biometrics to Knowledge Based Authentication; An Analysis of Entropy and Strength of Function, Purdue Homeland Security Institute "Delivering on Homeland Security" Conference, West Lafayette, IN.
  Elliott, S. J. (2006) Learning, Discovery, and Engagement, The Biometric Standards, Performance, and Assurance Laboratory's Partnership with Industry, College of Technology Faculty Convocation, West Lafayette, IN
  Kukula, E. P., & Elliott, S. J., (2006) Standards Work in Multimodal & Other Multibiometric Fusion, College of Technology Faculty Convocation, West Lafayette, IN
Kukula, E. P. (2006) Critical Anthropometric & Ergonomic Elements for Reliable Hand Placement in Hand Geometry Based Authentication System, Poster No E-12, Purdue University Chapter, The Society of Sigma Xi Graduate Student Research Poster Competition, West Lafayette, IN.
Young, M. R., & Elliott, S. J. (2006) The Role of Biometrics in Identity Management Systems for Physical and Logical Access Control, Poster No E-28, Purdue University Chapter, The Society of Sigma Xi Graduate Student Research Poster Competition, West Lafayette, IN.

2005

Conference Proceedings
Modi, S. K., & Elliott, S. J., (2005). Securing the manufacturing environment using biometrics, Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST) (pp. 275-278). Las Palmas de G. C., Spain.
Kukula*, E. P., & Elliott, S. J. (2005). Implementation of hand geometry at Purdue University's recreational center: an analysis of users perspectives and system performance, Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST) (pp. 83-89). Las Palmas de G. C., Spain.
Sickler*, N. C., & Elliott, S. J. (2005). An evaluation of fingerprint image quality across an elderly population vis-a-vis an 18-25 year old population. Proceedings of the 39th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST) (pp. 61-68). Las Palmas de G. C., Spain.
Wu*, G., Latif, N. & Elliott, S. J. (2005). Security solutions for CNC machine operations based on biometric security.Selected Papers of the National Association of Industrial Technology Annual Conference. St. Louis, MO.

Presentations
  Elliott, S. J., (2005). Biometric technology panel discussion, Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security "Security in Motion" Symposium, West Lafayette, IN.
  Elliott, S. J., (2005). Biometric technology and manufacturing, Energizing the Enterprise Conference, West Lafayette, IN.
  Elliott, S. J., (2005). Biometric technology for your business, New Economy Network Meeting, West Lafayette, IN.
  Elliott, S. J., (2005). An Introduction to Biometric Technologies, Security Seminar, West Lafayette, IN.
  Elliott, S. J., (2005). Practical issues in cybersecurity, Panel Discussion, TechPoint 8 Summit, Indianapolis, IN.
Kukula, E. P., & Elliott, S. J., (2005). An introduction to biometric technologies for the educator, Automatic Identification and Data Capture Technical Institute, Athens, OH.
  Kukula, E. P., (2005). Biometrics…. Bio-what???, Turned on to Technology and Leadership (TOTAL) Summer Camp, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
  Kukula, E. P., (2005). Biometrics…. Bio-what???, Minority Technology Association (MTA) Vision Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

Posters
Modi, S. K., Harriger, B. C., Elliott, S. J., Young, M. R., (2005). Securing the Manufacturing Environment using Biometrics , Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security "Security in Motion" Symposium, West Lafayette, IN.
Sickler, N. C., (2005). VNCs, Web Portals, Biometrics and the Verification of Distance Education Students, Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security "Security in Motion" Symposium, West Lafayette, IN.
Kukula, E. P. & Elliott, S. J., (2005). Biometric Feasibility Study: HandGeometry at the Recreational Sports Center, Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security "Security in Motion" Symposium, West Lafayette, IN.

2004

Journal Articles
Elliott, S. J. (2004). Differentiation of signature traits vis-à-vis mobile and table-based digitizers. ETRI Journal, (26)6, 641-646
Kukula*, E. P., & Elliott, S. J. (2004, September). Evaluation of a facial recognition algorithm across three illumination conditions. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, (19)9.
Hanisch, D. E., & Elliott, S. J., (2004, January / February). Biometrics and Expanded Service Kiosks. Journal of the Hong Kong Institute of Bankers, 15, 14-16.
Elliott, S. J, Peters, J. L., & Rishel, T. J., (2004). An Introduction to Biometrics Technology: Its place in technology education. Jounral of Industrial Teacher Education, (41) 4, 59-69.
  Elliott, S. J, Hilbert, G. A., & Kraebber, H. W., (2004). Data acquisition and analysis participant journal. Dayton, OH. National Center for Manufacturing Education (NCME)
  Elliott, S. J, Hilbert, G. A., & Kraebber, H. W., (2004). Data acquisition and analysis facilitators guide. Dayton, OH. National Center for Manufacturing Education (NCME)

Conference Proceedings
Kukula*, E. P., & Elliott, S. J. (2004, September). Effects of illumination changes on the performance of Geometrix FaceVision 3D FRS, Proceedings of the 38th Annual International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST) (pp. 331-337). Albuquerque, NM..
Kukula*, E. P., Sicklern, N. C., & Elliott, S. J., (2004, March). Adaptation and Implementation to a Graduate Course Development in Biometrics. World Conference on Engineering Technology Education, Santos, Brazil.
Sicklern, N. C., Kukula*, E. P., & Elliott, S. J., (2004, March). The development of a distance education class in automatic identification and data capture at Purdue University. World Conference on Engineering Technology Education, Santos, Brazil.
Elliott, S. J., Kukula, E. P., Sickler, N. C. (2004). The challenges of environment and the human biometric device internation on biometric system performance . International Workshop on Biometric Technologies - Special forum on Modeling and Simulation in Biometric Technology, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Kukula, E. P.,(2004, September). Effects of Light Direction on the Performance of Geometrix FaceVision 3D Face Recognition System. Paper presented at the Biometric Consortium, Arlington, VA.

Presentations
Elliott, S. J., (2004). International to biometric research and education at Purdue University, Biometrics Consortium, Arlington, VA.
Sicklern, N. C., (2004). An evaluation of fingerprint image quality vis-a-vis an 18-25 year old population baseline, Biometrics Consortium, Washington, DC.
  Elliott, S. J., (2004).Biometric technologies: The Future , Automatic Identification and Data Capture Technical Institute, Athens, OH.
  Elliott, S. J., & Kohler, G (2004).Biometric Technologies in the Banking Sector. Federal Financial Examinations Council (FFIEC) Regional Examiners Conference, Chicago, IL.
  Elliott, S. J., (2004). Biometric technology - an introduction, New Economy Network Meeting, West Lafayette, IN.
  Kukula, E. P., (2004). An Overview of Biometrics, for the Minority Engineering Program (MEP) Summer Engineering Workshop, June 10, 2004, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
  Kukula, E. P., (2004). Overview of Biometrics, High School Seniors in Technology Camp, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN

Posters

Hernandez, C. A., Elliott, S. J., & Huddard, M. (2004). Implementation of Hand Geometry in Recreational Sports Center , Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security conference, West Lafayette, IN.
Blomeke, C. R., Rusk, C. P., Balschweid, M. A., & Elliott, S. J., (2004). Animal identification by retinal imaging and applications for biosecurity, Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security conference, West Lafayette, IN.

2003

Journal Articles
  Elliott, S. J. (2003). Biometric Technology: A Primer for Aviation Technology students. International Journal of Applied Aviation Studies, (3)2, 311-322
  Louks*, R., Elliott, S. J., & Sutton, M. J. (2003, September). Command and control voice recognition for automotive telematics. Ford Technical Journal, (6)5, 18.
  Leninski*, A. C., Skinner, R. C., McGann, S. F., & Elliott, S. J. (2003). Managing and securing biometric implementations (part 1). International Edition of the A&S (Automation and Security) Magazine.

Conference Proceedings
Kukula*, E. P., & Elliott, S. J. (2003, October). Securing a Restricted Site: Biometric authentication at an entry point. Paper presented at the 2003 IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST), Taipei, Tiawan, ROC
Leninski*, A. C., Skinner, R. C., McGann, S. F., & Elliott, S. J. (2003, October). Securing the biometric model. Paper presented at the 2003 IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST), Taipei, Tiawan, ROC
Morton*, J. M., Portell, C. M., Elliott, S. J., & Kukula, E. P., (2003, October). Facial Recognition at Purdue University Airport 2003-2008. Paper presented at the 2003 IEEE International Carnahan Conference on Security Technology (ICCST), Taipei, Tiawan, ROC
Kukula*, E. P., & Elliott, S. J. (2003, September). Securing a Restricted Site: Biometric authentication at an entry point. Biometric Symposium, Biometric Consortium 2003 Proceedings, Washington D.C.
  Lopp, D., & Elliott, S.. Eiff, G., & Litzenberger, J., (2003, July). Security: Bottleneck to Success. Paper presented at the Aviation Management Education and Research Conference, Montreal, Canada
Morton, J. M., Biometric Security at Airports . Paper presented at the Hivercon Security Conference (2003), Dublin, Ireland

Presentations
  Elliott, S. J., (2004). Biometric technology, Indiana Executive Leadership Forum, Indianapolis, IN

Posters

Morton*, J. M., Portell, C. M., Lopp, D., Eiff, G., & Elliott, S. J., (2003). An evaluation of facial recognition in an operational setting at Purdue University airport. Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security Symposium, West Lafayette, IN.
Sicklern, N. C., Elliott, S. J., (2003). An evaluation of fingerprint image quality across an elderly population vis-a-vis an 18-25 year old populations, Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security Symposium West Lafayette, IN.
Kukula*, E. P., & Elliott, S. J. (2003). Securing a Restricted Site: Biometric authentication at an entry point. Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security Symposium, West Lafayette, IN.
Deal, A. S., Skinner, R. C., Goldman, J. E., Leninski*, A. C., & Elliott, S. J. (2003). Securing the biometric model.Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security Symposium, West Lafayette, IN.

2002

Conference Proceedings
Elliott, S. J. (2002). Development of a biometric testing protocol for dynamic signature verification. Paper presented at the International Conference on Automation, Robotics, and Computer Vision (ICARV), Singapore
  Elliott, S. J. (2002). A comparison of on-line dynamic signature trait variables vis-a-vis mobile computing devices and table-based digitizers. Paper presented at the Third Workshop on Automatic Identification Advanced Technologies, IEEE, Tarrytown, NY.
Elliott, S. J., & Sutton, M. J. (2002). Graduate course development in biometrics. Proceedings of the 2002 ASEE/SEFI/TUB Colloquium, Berlin, Germany

Presentations
  Elliott, S. J., (2002, September). Graduate course development in biometrics , NIST Biometrics Consortium, Crystal City, VA.
  Elliott, S. J., (2002, September). Educational needs in biometrics and information assurance, Panel Discussion, NIST Biometrics Consortium, Crystal City, VA.
  Elliott, S. J., (2002, October). Biometrics: Which technology is right for you? Frontline Solutions Europe, Birmingham, England.
  Elliott, S. J., (2002, October). National and international biometrics standards update. Biometrics 2002, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
  Elliott, S. J., (2002, October). The challenge of campus deployments . Biometech, New York, NY.
  Elliott, S. J., (2002). AIDC and biometric technologies workshop, ITEA Conference, West Lafayette, IN.
  Elliott, S. J., (2002, November). Biometrics 101. Hawaii Biometrics Conference, Waikiki, HI.

2001

Conference Proceedings
  Elliott, S. J., & Sutton, M. J., (2001). Dynamic signature verification for electronic document management. Selected Papers of the National Association of Industrial Technology Annual Conference. Dearborn, MI.